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ڴ ũ ϰ Ʈȥ ϴ ϴ. Ǹ ۰̱ Դϴ. û ũ ϸ ø ͵ ƴմϴ. Ʈȥ Բ ۾ϱ ڽ ɽƮ ̲ Դϴ. ׷ ̵ ϴ ͺ ξ ߿, â̾ϴ. [ʺ] Ʈȥ ũ / ó. Library of Congress Ʈȥ ũ ܼ  ƴϾϴ. ״ ũ ϰ ɽƮ ȭ ̲ 翴, װ ٸ ׵ ̷ ͵ ʾ Դϴ. Ʈȥ ٸ θ Ų ۰̾ϴ. ũ ο Ʈȥ ౹ ׸ΰ, 迡  ϳ Ͽ ٷ Ȱϰ Ǿϴ. ũ پ  ۰ 翡 ν ڽ 带 ߿ ׷  ϳ ų ־, ε ũ ־ϴ. ǰ ġ Բ 纹 ϸ , ڽŸ Ḧ Ȱߴ ܻ ҽϴ. ũ ϰ Ʈȥ ߿ . ֽϴ.  Ϲ ̳ ϴ. ũ D.C. Ÿ  ۰ ϴ. 庸ũ ۰ øƮ, ī ̱ ε ó 뿡 ø ۰̱⵵ ߽ϴ. Ʈȥ νƼƩƮ Ŭ ߴµ, κ ǰ Ŭ ʾҴٴ ϸ ̴ ſ ̷ ̾ϴ. ״ Ͽ콺 б ٳ, б ʳ ǾƴϽƮ ʿ Ƹ ڸ ٴ бԴϴ. Ʈȥ б 忡 ߰, ʿ ޸ ġ⵵ ߴ Į ƺĿ ߽ϴ. Ʈȥ 'Ŭ ' ۰ϴ ־, ٲپϴ. ȩ Ǿ , ״ ̹ Fantastic Rhythm ־, ٷ Ʈ Ұ ׵ ߽ϴ. Ÿ / ó. Űǵ(Public Domain) ǰ ó ſ ̷ο ̾߱Դϴ. Ʈȥ 1933 ׿ ó ũ Ұ, ٽ ĸ ( ״ ) ϰ 1938 12 1 ׸ Ǿϴ. ̺ ̵ Lush Life: A Biography of Billy Strayhorn(1996) , Ʈȥ Ͽ Ұ ׿ "ǾƳ տ ɾƼ ڳװ ִ ְ." ߽ϴ. Ʈȥ ǰ Sophisticated Lady ߰, ġ ũ ϵ Ȱ س½ϴ. ̾ ״ ڽŸ ٽ ϸ ٲپ, ̸ ׽ϴ. ̶ ڸ Ͼ ڽ ظ īϸ ҷ ߽ϴ. ظ īϴ 1926 ɽƮ󿡼 ٸ ι,  ̾ϴ. Ʈȥ , Ʈȥ ̹ Solitude ϸ ٽ ѹ ۰ Ư ǾƳ Ÿ ״ ߽ϴ. ظ īϰ 濡 뿡 ӻ̵ Ҹ " ģ ϴ ." ߽ϴ. ̾ Ʈȥ " ̷ ϰڽϴ." ϸ, ڽŸ ο ȭ 籸߽ϴ. ̵δ ̸ ǥ߽ϴ. "ϰԵ(Ȥ ϰԵ) ǰ Ÿ ɼϰ ƴ϶, ڽ װ Ű ġ ־." ̷ ɷ Ͽ λ ϴ. ظ īϴ ø ̷ ȸ߽ϴ. " ϰ ־, ũ ڿ ȯϰ ̼Ҹ ÷Ҿ. ġ ڽ ϴ ¸ ; ϴ ҽϴ." īϴ ٰ ٽ ƿ鼭 ٽ , ȣ 1931 ù øƮ ̺ ش Խϴ. Ʈȥ û տ ڽ ǰ ߰, ִ Ͽ λ ϴ. ᱹ N ׿ Ƿ߰, 尡 ƿ ٽ ߽ϴ. [ʺ] ũ ϰ Ʈȥ / ó. reddit(r/Jazz) Ʈȥ  ϴ ؾ , ߴ ͺ ξ ذǾϴ. ھ Something to Live For ? The Music of Billy Strayhorn մϴ. "Ʈȥ ɽƮ Ұ Ϸ , ڽ ׿ ۰ߴ ɽƮ Ϻϰ ︮ · δ." ȭ Ʈȥ ũ ۾ Ȯϴ ҿ 󸶳 ڿ ݴϴ. پ иϰ ϴ ̱⵵ ߽ϴ. Ʈȥ ɽƮ̼ǿ ȭ ä ٷ ũ ߽ϴ. Ʈȥ ʳ "츮  Ư ݰ ǰ ǥϴ Ư ߱Ѵٴ , ̶ մϴ ü ." ߽ϴ. ׷ ̷ 롣 ұϰ, Ʈȥ 縦 ̴ İ ٷ ̸ , ̴ ǥ̾ 32(AABA) پѴ ̾ϴ. Ʈȥ "() ٸ մϴ. ǰ Ȱϴ , ׸ װ͵ پ  ϴ Ͱ ٸϴ." ߽ϴ. Ʈȥ Something to Live For  Ϻ 4 '' Ȱ߽ϴ. [Billy Strayhorn - Something to Live for] ۰ ؽ, ̿ ұϰ Ʈȥ Ÿ 󸶳 Ϻϰ ڽ ϴ. Ʈȥ ۰ Ÿ Ϻϰ ڰ Ǿ. ׷  ݴ ι̾. Ű 6Ʈ 1ġ ߻ ȭ԰ ŷ ä ư, ī ġ 簨 ִ ι̾. ״ ȤŰ ÿ ɼϰ ٷ, 踦 ξ. ݸ, õ λ Ʈȥ Ű 5Ʈ 3ġ ۾Ұ, , Ȱ , ݿ ڿ. ó ޶, Ʈȥ ̾ ſ 踦 ξ. Ʈȥ ũ ŸϿ ͼ ô ҵ þϴ. ڽ ܿ鿡 ұԸ ӻ ̸ ȸ ߽ϴ. ð 帣鼭 ̷ ұԸ Ʈ ũ Ʈȥ ۰ ô 찡 ϴ. ׷ Ʈȥ ǰ ̸ ߽ϴ. 1930~40뿡 ۰ ο ۱ ǰ θ ޴ Ϲ ̾ Դϴ. ð 帣鼭 Ʈȥ ߿ϴ. ũ ɽƮ ȭϴ 忴 , ο Ӿ ʿ߽ϴ. Ʈȥ ̷ 뷮 , κ ʾ, ɽƮ ϴ ʼ ߽ϴ. 1939 Ϲݱ⿡ Ʈȥ ۰ ǰ ϱ ߽ϴ. ñ ǰ Ʈȥ ȣ( ) ̷ پ ۰ ۵Ǿ ݴϴ. ȣ Ʈȥ ߶带 Ư¡ Ϻϰ ǥس½ϴ. Duke Ellington & Billy Strayhorn - Isfahan Duke Ellington - The Star Crossed Lovers Duke Ellington - Rod La Rocque Duke Ellington & Johnny Hodges - Blood Count Ʈȥ ɽƮ շϸ鼭, ̴ Ʈȥ ũ ο ñⰡ Ǿϴ. 1940 ̽ýƮ ߴµ, ھ ǥ ״ " ̽ Ӱ " ι̾ϴ.1) ڿ ׳ Ͱ ɽƮ շϸ鼭 ټ ȮǾϴ. ǰ ӻ ȭ ſ Ŀ, ñ ɽƮ '- (Blanton-Webster Band)' Ҹ Ǿϴ. ݻ (Victor) Ҽ Űϴ. ұԸ ӻ ϴ ڰ 鼭, ũ ۰ ־, ̴ ũ Ⱑ Ǿϴ. ũ / ó. Űǵ(Public Domain) ڿ ڽŵ鸸 ־ϴ. ǰ ũ ַ ӻ Ʈ ۰߰, Ʈ Ʈȥ þ ϼϰ ߽ϴ. Ʈȥ ' (Ellington Sound)' ذ ſ ,  κ ϱ ϴ. Ѻ, ñ⿡ Ʈȥ ũ ܼ ̻ ǹ̸ ϴ. ̱۰ۻ簡ȸ(ASCAP) ̿ ̾ 1941 ̸ϴ. ASCAP üϱ BMI(Broadcast Music, Inc.) κ ۻ ̼ ü , ASCAP ϴ ϱ Դϴ. ASCAP ۻ ִ Ѿ Ḧ 䱸߽ϴ. ũ ϰ ۰ ̱ ڽ ̳ Ȳ Ǿϴ. ̴ Ͽ ġ ̾ϴ. ߰ Ǹ鼭 ߿ Կ Ұ Ǿ Դϴ. ذϱ ڽ Ƶ Ӽ ϰ Ʈȥ ο żϰ ۰ ޶ û߽ϴ. ASCAP ȸ ƴϾ Դϴ. Ӽ ø ȸϸ " ״ Ϸ ̿ 츮 带 ο 丮 ȸ ϴ." ߽ϴ(Hajdu, 1996, pp. 83~84). ũ ǰ Ե ϸ鼭 Ϸ ̾ , ϰ Ʈȥ ɽƮ 丮  ϰ Ǵ ǰ ź׽ϴ ٴ⵿̾߱ . ñ⿡ Ʈȥ Take the A Train, Chelsea Bridge, Chelsea Bridge( ), Clementine, A Flower Is a Lovesome Thing ǥ߽ϴ. ǰ ʹ ū ޾, Take the A Train ũ ɽƮ ¡ϴ ǥ ñ״ó Ǿϴ. Ʈȥ ̷ ǰ Ƹٿ ߶尡 ϳ ô븦 ̷ ñ⸦ ݴϴ. ȭ ä Ȱϴ λ ɽƮ̼ǰ յǾ, ۰ 鿡 ġ ߿ Ⱑ Ǿϴ.  Ʈȥ Chelsea Bridge " ̶ ̶ Ʈȥ ߴ õ ͻ̾." ֽϴ. ʱ Chloe , Chelsea Bridge 󺧰 ߽ø Ű ȭ ä ҷŰ, װ ٸ ƶ Ȱ, ̴ ʳ ǾƴϽƮ ڽ ۰ 踦 ռ ̾ϴ. Ʈȥ Chelsea Bridge ߽ ù ° ϡ Nuages غ մϴ. ǰ ٸ İ ɽƮ̼ǵ ٸ, ȭ ä ߽ɿ ΰ ִٴ â̸鼭 踦 ϰ ֽϴ. ó ũ ϰ Ʈȥ ۰ ( ) ū ġ ֽϴ. ׵ ׸ŭ մϴ. п ä ִ 帣 ް Ǿϴ. 귣ư ǾƴϽƮ۰ <Į > Ellington & Strayhorn ? The Musical Team of A Lifetime I enjoy performing music by both Duke Ellington and Billy Strayhorn since both are wonderful composers. I realize that many listeners may only think of Duke Ellington since he was the leader of his own orchestra before he teamed up with Billy Strayhorn, however, the their collaboration was more important and creative than many might guess. Billy Strayhorn was much more than an arranger who Duke hired. Strayhorn was an agent of change and artistic growth for Duke Ellington and his orchestra, without whom so much would not have been possible. Strayhorn and Ellington were mature composers who enabled each other in different ways. Due to his connection to Duke, Strayhorn left his job as a clerk in a drugstore and moved right into a working organization for one of the most famous Jazz bands in the world. Likewise, Duke was able to grow his band into one of the most artistically important Jazz groups in history, not to mention greatly increase his business due to having an incredible arranger and composer on hand. Both musicians were like two tailors who kept a successful shop together and used the same fabrics, however each had his own way of using the material. There are some similarities between Duke and Strayhorn's beginnings. Both musicians had atypical curriculum or teachers early on. Duke actually took some lessons in composition with William Marion Cook, in Washington, DC. Cook, a violist who studied composition with Antonin Dvo?ak, and was the first composer to put on a Broadway musical show, written and performed by African Americans. Likewise, Strayhorn studied classical music at the Pittsburgh Musical Institute which is distinctive since most Jazz musicians of this time did not have classical training. Strayhorn attended Westinghouse High School in Pittsburg, later also attended by jazz pianists Erroll Garner and Ahmad Jamal. He played in the school band, and studied under Carl McVicker, who had also instructed Erroll Garner and Mary Lou Williams. Though Strayhorn was interested in writing "classical music", he turned to Jazz later. ٴ ̾߱ When Strayhorn was 19, he was already writing for a professional musical, Fantastic Rhythm which was about the same time he began listening to Art Tatum and Teddy Wilson. How the two musicians met is quite a story too. Strayhorn first saw Duke Ellington perform, in Pittsburgh, in 1933, then met him December 1, 1938 after Ellington performed there again for a week-long run at the Stanley Theatre (now Benedum Center). As recounted in David Hajdu's biography of Billy Strayhorn: Lush Life ? A Biography of Billy Strayhorn, 1996, when Strayhorn was introduced to Ellington, he just asked Strayhorn to Sit down at the piano, and let me hear what you can do.' Strayhorn performed Sophisticated Lady, one of Ellington's tunes and managed to played it just like Duke did. Strayhorn continued by playing his own version of the tune, changing keys and tempo, thus developing the music even more. Ellington, who at this point was now standing, asked his valet to go get Harry Carney ? one of Ellingtons closest confidantes during this period who had played baritone saxophone for the orchestra since 1926. When Ellington asked Strayhorn if he could do that again, Strayhorn began playing Ellingtons Solitude,, again matching the composers piano style. When Harry Carney entered the room, Ellington stage-whispered, Listen to this kid play. Again Strayhorn declared, This is the way I would play it, and reharmonized the Ellington song in his own way. As Hajdu wrote: "Brazenly (or naively) the twenty-three-year-old artist demonstrated both a crafty facility with a renowned elders style and showed a spirited capacity to expound upon it through his own sensibility". This capability made an impression on Ellington: Billy was playing and Duke stood there behind him beaming, and he put his hands on his shoulders, like he wanted to feel Billy playing his song, Carney left and returned with two more members of Ellingtons musical inner circle: alto saxophonist Johnny Hodges, and Ivie Anderson who was Ellingtons first full-time vocalist in 1931. Strayhorn kept playing his own works for this larger group of listeners, all of which impressed Ellington so much that he immediately commissioned a couple of arrangements for his performance there in Pittsburgh and finally arranged for Strayhorn to meet with him after the band returned to New York City. Ellington had to work out just how to best employ Strayhorn and it turned out to be far easier than he could have imagine. As Walter Van De Leur writes in his book Something to Live For ? The Music of Billy Strayhorn, "Apparently within a day of seeing the Ellington Orchestra perform live on stage, Strayhorn arranged two of his original works from Pittsburg in a way that would have fitted the orchestra perfectly." This highlights perfectly just how uniquely suited Strayhorn was for his role in helping to grow Duke Ellington's musical presence and workload. It also demonstrated just how talented he was. Strayhorn shared an acute sense of harmonic color in orchestration with Duke, as Strayhorn later observed "I'm sure the fact that we're both looking for a certain character, a certain way of presenting a composition, makes us write to the same feeling". ٴ̾߱ Despite this ability, Strayhorn's music is different in the way sets lyrics to music and in his sense of musical form, which was beyond the standard 32-bar (AABA) pop song form. Strayhorn himself observed that "he (Ellington) uses different approaches ? the way he uses the brass section, the saxophone sections and how he combines them to create different colors. He does things differently than I do" Indeed, in certain pieces such as Strayhorn's Something to Live For, Strayhorn uses fourths in a more "modernistic" manner than Ellington would have. Ellington's biographer John Edward Hasse wrote of Strayhorn's ability to mesh with Ellington's style so well despite the differences between them: "Strayhorn so mastered the Ellington style of composing that the two became uncannily close musical collaborators, yet in their personal lives they were opposites. While the handsome, six-foot-one-inch Ellington moved through life with dash and theatricality, a charismatic and imposing presence wherever he went, both charming and manipulating people, bedding many women along the way, the cherubic Strayhorn was short (five feet, three inches tall), shy, soft-spoken, bespectacled, modest, and homosexual. Despite their different personalities, they formed an exceedingly close musical and working relationship that would end only with Strayhorn's death." Strayhorn's tasks grew as he became more familiar with Duke's style. Ellington would periodically offer his musicians the opportunity to record under their own names with a smaller ensemble. As time passed, Strayhorn ended up arranging and writing for these small recorded ensembles more often than Duke did. Many of these works written by Strayhorn went uncredited due to the fact that it was common practice during the 30s and 40s was that whoever filed the copyright would assume credit for the music though they may not have written the work. Strayhorn's role within the Ellington organization became more and more important as time passed too. Duke needed many new arrangements of dance tunes since his was a working band which played a lot of dance dates. Strayhorn arranged large number of such dance tunes which, though unrecorded, were vital to keeping the money coming in. More of Strayhorn's compositions and arrangements were appearing in the second half of 1939. The songs from this period mark the beginning of a remarkable composer-performer team, Strayhorn paired with the haunting sound of Johnny Hodges (alto sax) which perfectly defined the sense of pathos that defines the ballads of Strayhorn. When Strayhorn joined the Ellington organization, this marked a period of artistic growth for both Strayhorn and Duke. Ellington also hired bassist Jimmy Blanton, in 1940, who, as Van de Leur puts it, "redefined the role of the double bass in Jazz"1). Tenor Saxophonist Ben Webster joined the orchestra four months later, thus expanding the reed section to five voices. The contributions that these two musicians brought to the ensemble was so pronounced that this version of the Ellington band became known as the Blanton-Webster Band. Ellington also switched management to the recording label Victor. Having a full-time assistant who handled all the vocal and small ensemble arranging allowed Duke to focus more fully on writing, thus leading to the band's ascent in fame and musical recognition. ٴ̾߱ Ʈ ȯ The partners in music had their own way of working. When co-writing, Duke would often write out the ensemble horn sections, leaving the vocal parts to Strayhorn to write out. thanks to Strayhorn's deeper understanding of the "Ellington Sound", it was difficult to tell just who wrote what. It also turned out that Billy Strayhorn's appearance was more than just fortuitous for Duke at this point in time. A long running feud between the American Society of Composers and Publishers (ASCAP) and the radio industry finally came to a head, at the beginning of 1941, when a body that was setup to replace ASCAP ? BMI (Broadcast Music, Inc.) ? signed licenses with the majority of broadcasters and decided to boycott any music represented by ASCAP. ASCAP kept demanding higher fees that were more than broadcasters were willing to pay. Suddenly, composers, like Duke Ellington, could not have their recorded or live music performances played on radio anywhere in the US due to this boycott. This was disastrous for Ellington since none of his live performances could be radio broadcast, thus depriving him of income. To remedy this problem, Ellington enlisted his son, Mercer Ellington and Billy Strayhorn to quickly compose new music since they were not members of ASCAP. Mercer Ellington recounted that "Overnight, literally, we got a chance to write a whole new book for the band . . . " (Hajdu 1996, 83-84). While engaging upon a series of one-night dance gigs and avoiding recording and broadcast jobs that featured Duke's work, both the younger Ellington and Strayhorn produced some of the most famous and memorable pieces in the Ellington list of tunes. Born at this time were Strayhorn tunes such as Take the A Train, Chelsea Bridge, Clementine, and A Flower Is a Lovesome Thing. So memorable are these works that Take the A Train became the musical calling card for the Duke Ellington Orchestra from that time forward. These works, by Strayhorn, also mark an era defined by the beautiful ballads of Strayhorn whose use of harmonic color and form, combined with a very impressionistic orchestration, set an example that would influence so many writers and arrangers for years to come. Gil Evans, a well-known arranger, once said about Strayhorn's Chelsea Bridge: "That's all I did?that's all I ever did?try to do what Billy Strayhorn did." Like his earlier arrangement of Chloe, Chelsea Bridge invokes the harmonic colors of Ravel and Debussy but in a wholly different context, in advance of what pianist like Bill Evans would do in his arrangements and writing. One should compare Strayhorn's Chelsea Bridge with what Debussy did in his first Nocturne, Nuages. They are different pieces (different forms and orchestration) yet they both share a focus upon harmonic color that is unique and similar in design. Even to this day, the music of Duke Ellington and Billy Strayhorn serve as an influence to many writers and arrangers (including myself), so great is their influence. Thanks to these two, Jazz is now considered an art form in its own right that can fill a concert hall. --------------- 1) Walter van de Leur, Something to Live For - The Music of Billy Strayhorn, Oxford University Press, p. 33. ional musi

 
   
 




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